Kev khaws cov zaub mov tuaj yeem yog kev nyiam ua lom zem, ib nrab vim tias muaj ntau hom los txheeb xyuas. Muaj ntau qhov kev sim koj tuaj yeem ua yam tsis muaj cov cuab yeej tshwj xeeb los nqaim qhov ua tau, thiab cov lus piav qhia yooj yim ntawm cov zaub mov ntau ntawm nplooj ntawv no los sib piv nrog koj cov txiaj ntsig. Koj tseem tuaj yeem hla ncaj qha mus rau cov lus piav qhia kom pom tias cov lus nug tshwj xeeb uas koj muaj tau teb yooj yim yam tsis muaj kev sim. Piv txwv li, nws yuav qhia koj yuav ua li cas qhia qhov kub tiag los ntawm lwm yam ci, cov zaub mov daj; kawm paub txog kab txaij, ci, cov xim zoo nkauj uas koj pom hauv cov pob zeb; lossis txheeb xyuas cov ntxhia coj txawv txawv uas tev rau hauv cov ntawv thaum koj txhuam nws.
Cov kauj ruam
Ntu 1 ntawm 2: Kev Xeem Ua
Kauj Ruam 1. Qhia cov zaub mov thiab pob zeb sib nrug
Cov ntxhia yog ib txwm muaj tshwm sim ua ke ntawm cov tshuaj lom neeg hauv qee yam qauv. Thaum cov ntxhia ib leeg tuaj yeem tshwm nyob rau hauv cov duab sib txawv lossis xim vim yog txheej txheem txheej txheem keeb kwm lossis taug qab qhov ntau ntawm cov khoom tsis huv, feem ntau txhua qhov piv txwv ntawm cov ntxhia ntawd yuav muaj cov yam ntxwv uas tuaj yeem kuaj rau. Pob zeb, ntawm qhov tod tes, tuaj yeem tsim los ntawm kev sib xyaw ntawm cov zaub mov thiab tsis muaj cov qauv siv lead ua. Lawv tsis yog ib qho yooj yim los qhia sib nrug, tab sis yog tias cov kev ntsuas no tsim cov txiaj ntsig sib txawv ntawm ib feem ntawm ib qho khoom dua li ntawm lwm qhov, qhov khoom yog tej zaum yog pob zeb.
Koj tuaj yeem sim txheeb xyuas cov pob zeb ib yam, lossis tsawg kawg txheeb xyuas qhov twg ntawm peb hom pob zeb uas lawv koom nrog
Kauj Ruam 2. Nkag siab cov cim ntxhia
Muaj ntau txhiab yam zaub mov hauv ntiaj teb, tab sis ntau ntawm lawv tsis tshua pom lossis tsuas pom pom tob hauv av. Qee zaum, ua ob lossis peb qhov kev xeem yog txhua yam koj xav tau kom ua rau cov khoom tsis paub tseeb nqes mus rau qhov zoo, cov ntxhia uas tau teev tseg hauv ntu tom ntej. Yog tias koj cov yam ntxwv ntxhia tsis haum rau ib qho ntawm cov lus piav qhia no, sim nrhiav daim ntawv qhia ntxaws ntxaws qhia rau koj thaj chaw. Yog tias koj tau ua ntau qhov kev sim thiab tsis tuaj yeem nqaim cov pob zeb hauv nruab nrab ntawm ob lossis ntau qhov muaj peev xwm, tshawb hauv online rau cov duab ntawm txhua qhov ua tau ntxhia thiab rau cov lus qhia tshwj xeeb rau qhia cov zaub mov sib nrug.
Nws yog qhov zoo tshaj kom suav nrog tsawg kawg ib qho kev sim uas cuam tshuam nrog kev nqis tes ua, xws li kev ntsuas qhov hnyav lossis kev xeem sib tw. Kev sim uas tsuas yog koom nrog saib thiab piav qhia cov ntxhia yuav tsis muaj txiaj ntsig los ntawm lawv tus kheej, txij li tib neeg sib txawv piav qhia tib cov ntxhia hauv ntau txoj kev
Kauj Ruam 3. Txheeb xyuas cov duab thiab cov yam ntxwv ntawm cov ntxhia
Zuag qhia tag nrho cov duab ntawm txhua cov pob zeb siv lead ua thiab cov qauv ntawm ib pab pawg muaju hu ua a cwj pwm. Muaj ntau txoj hauv kev cov ntsiab lus geologists siv los piav txog qhov no, tab sis cov lus piav qhia yooj yim feem ntau txaus. Piv txwv li, yog cov ntxhia pob zeb los yog du? Puas yog nws sau los ntawm cov duab plaub uas muaj duab sib dhos sib dhos ua ib leeg, lossis nyias cov pob zeb zoo li tus ntsia hlau?
Kauj Ruam 4. Saib koj cov ntxhia ci, lossis ci
Luster yog txoj hauv kev ntxhia pom lub teeb, thiab thaum nws tsis yog kev sim txuj ci, nws feem ntau muaj txiaj ntsig los suav nrog hauv cov lus piav qhia. Feem ntau cov zaub mov muaj qhov ci uas yog iav (lossis vitreous) lossis xim hlau. Koj tseem tuaj yeem piav qhia qhov ci zoo li greasy, pearly (ci dawb), av hauv av (npub, zoo li cov tais diav tsis zoo), lossis nrog cov lus piav qhia uas ua rau koj nkag siab. Siv ntau lub npe yog tias koj xav tau.
Kauj Ruam 5. Ua tibzoo saib cov ntxhia xim
Rau cov neeg feem coob, qhov no yog ib qho kev sim yooj yim tshaj plaws los ua, tab sis nws tsis yog ib txwm muaj txiaj ntsig. Cov kab me me ntawm lwm cov tshuaj hauv cov ntxhia tuaj yeem ua rau nws hloov xim, yog li cov ntxhia tuaj yeem tshwm sim hauv ntau xim sib txawv. Txawm li cas los xij, yog tias cov ntxhia yog cov xim txawv txawv, xws li ntshav liab, nws yuav pab koj nqaim txoj hauv kev.
Thaum piav qhia cov zaub mov, zam qhov nyuaj-rau-txhais cov lus xim xws li "salmon" thiab "puce." Lo nrog cov lus yooj yim xws li "liab," "dub," thiab "ntsuab."
Kauj Ruam 6. Ua qhov kev xeem streak
Qhov no yog qhov kev ntsuas muaj txiaj ntsig thiab yooj yim, tsuav yog koj muaj ib daim dawb, cov plooj (porcelain) uas tsis ci. Sab nraum qab ntawm chav ua noj ntawm cov nplais chav dej yuav ua haujlwm zoo; saib yog tias koj tuaj yeem yuav ib qho ntawm lub khw txhim kho tsev. Thaum koj muaj cov plooj (porcelain), tsuas yog txhuam cov ntxhia ntawm cov nplais, thiab pom cov xim "streak" nws tawm tom qab. Feem ntau, cov kab no yog xim sib txawv dua li cov pob zeb loj.
- Glaze yog dab tsi muab cov plooj (porcelain) thiab lwm yam khoom siv hauv lawv cov iav ci. Ib plooj plooj plooj (porcelain) uas tsis pom kev tsis pom kev zoo.
- Nco ntsoov tias qee cov zaub mov tsis muaj streak, tshwj xeeb yog cov zaub mov nyuaj (vim tias lawv nyuaj dua li cov phaj streak).
Kauj Ruam 7. Kuaj cov khoom hnyav
Geologists feem ntau siv Mohs hardness scale, npe tom qab nws tus tsim, kom kwv yees sai txog qhov nyuaj ntawm cov ntxhia. Yog tias koj ua tiav nrog "4" qhov kev sim tab sis tsis nrog "5," cov pob zeb tawv tawv yog nyob nruab nrab ntawm 4 thiab 5, thiab koj tuaj yeem tso tseg kev sim. Sim tawm qhov kos kos tas mus li siv cov khoom siv no ib txwm muaj (lossis cov zaub mov pom hauv cov khoom siv pob zeb tawv tawv), pib nrog tus lej qis tshaj thiab ua haujlwm siab dua yog tias qhov kev xeem ua tiav:
- 1 - Yooj yim khawb nrog rau tes, zoo li roj thiab mos (lossis tuaj yeem khawb nrog talc)
- 2 - Yuav khawb tau los ntawm cov rau tes (gypsum)
- 3 - Yuav txiav tau yooj yim nrog rab riam lossis ntsia hlau, khawb los ntawm nyiaj npib (calcite)
- 4 - Yuav khawb tau yooj yim los ntawm riam (fluorite)
- 5 - Yuav tuaj yeem khawb los ntawm riam nrog nyuaj, khawb los ntawm daim iav (apatite)
- 6 - Yuav tuaj yeem khawb los ntawm cov ntawv hlau, khawb ib daim iav uas nyuaj (orthoclase)
- 7 - Khawb cov ntawv hlau, yooj yim khawb ib daim iav (quartz)
- 8 - Kos quartz (topaz)
- 9 - Kos yuav luag txhua yam, txiav iav (corundum)
- 10 - Kos lossis txiav yuav luag txhua yam (pob zeb diamond)
Kauj Ruam 8. Ua kom cov pob zeb ntxhib thiab saib nws sib nrug li cas
Txij li txhua qhov ntxhia tshwj xeeb muaj cov qauv tshwj xeeb rau nws, nws yuav tsum tawg qee txoj hauv kev. Yog tias qhov tawg tau tshwm sim hauv ib qho ore ntau qhov chaw tiaj, nws qhia tau cleavage. Yog tias tsis muaj cov tiaj tiaj, tsuas yog nkhaus lossis pob tsis xwm yeem, cov pob zeb tawg tau muaj tawg.
- Cleavage tuaj yeem piav qhia ntau ntxiv los ntawm tus naj npawb ntawm cov tiaj tus uas tawg tau tsim (feem ntau ntawm ib thiab plaub), thiab seb qhov saum npoo yog zoo meej (du) los yog tsis zoo (ntxhib).
- Kev tawg tuaj nyob hauv ntau hom. Piav nws li kev faib (lossis fibrous), ntse thiab jagged (nyiag), lub tais zoo li (conchoidal), lossis tsis muaj ib qho saum toj no (tsis ncaj).
Kauj Ruam 9. Ua lwm yam kev ntsuas yog tias cov ntxhia tseem tsis tau pom dua
Muaj ntau ntau qhov kev ntsuas geologists coj los txheeb xyuas cov ntxhia. Txawm li cas los xij, ntau yam ntawm no yuav luag tsis muaj txiaj ntsig zoo rau cov zaub mov ib txwm muaj, lossis lawv yuav koom nrog cov cuab yeej tshwj xeeb lossis cov khoom phom sij. Nov yog cov lus piav qhia luv luv ntawm qee qhov kev sim uas koj yuav txaus siab rau ua:
- Yog tias koj cov ntxhia txuas rau cov hlau nplaum, nws yog feem ntau yog cov hlau nplaum, tsuas yog ib qho muaj zog sib nqus ntxhia. Yog tias qhov kev nyiam tsis muaj zog, lossis cov lus piav qhia ntawm magnetite tsis phim koj cov ntxhia, nws yuav yog pyrrhotite, franklinite, lossis ilmenite hloov chaw.
- Qee cov ntxhia yaj yooj yim hauv lub tswm ciab lossis nplaim taws, thaum lwm tus yuav tsis yaj txawm tias nyob hauv nplaim taws. Cov ntxhia uas yaj tau yooj yim muaj qhov "fusibility" siab dua cov zaub uas nyuaj dua rau yaj.
- Qee cov zaub mov muaj qhov tshwj xeeb saj. Piv txwv li, halite (pob zeb ntsev) zoo li ntsev. Thaum saj pob zeb, tsis txhob ntuav pob zeb ncaj qha: ntub koj cov ntiv tes, tso koj tus ntiv tes rau ntawm qhov hnoos qeev, tom qab ntawd yaim koj cov ntiv tes.
- Yog tias koj cov ntxhia muaj cov ntxhiab tsw tseem ceeb, sim piav qhia nws thiab tshawb hauv online rau cov ntxhia nrog qhov ntxhiab tsw. Cov ntxhiab tsw ntxhiab tsw tsis zoo ib yam, txawm hais tias lub pob zeb daj daj daj daj tuaj yeem ua rau muaj ntxhiab tsw pom hauv cov qe lwj.
Ntu 2 ntawm 2: Txheeb Xyuas Cov Khoom Uas Muaj Nqis
Kauj Ruam 1. Xa mus rau ntu dhau los yog tias koj tsis nkag siab cov lus piav qhia
Cov lus piav qhia hauv qab no siv ntau cov ntsiab lus lossis tus lej los piav qhia cov ntxhia lub cev, tawv, pom tom qab tawg, lossis lwm yam cwj pwm. Yog tias koj tsis paub meej tias cov no txhais li cas, xa mus rau nqe lus saum toj no ntawm kev ntsuas ntsuas rau kev piav qhia.
Kauj Ruam 2. Crystalline minerals feem ntau yog quartz
Quartz yog cov ntxhia uas tsis tshua muaj tshwm sim, thiab nws cov duab ci lossis zoo li lub ntsej muag ua rau ntau lub qhov muag pom. Quartz muaj qhov nyuaj ntawm 7 ntawm Mohs nplai, thiab qhia txog txhua yam kev tawg thaum tawg, tsis txhob tiaj tus ntawm qhov tawg. Nws tsis tawm ntawm qhov pom pom ntawm cov plooj (porcelain) dawb. Nws muaj cov iav ci, lossis ci.
Milky dawb quartz yog translucent, sawv quartz yog pink, thiab amethyst yog ntshav.
Kauj Ruam 3. Cov tawv tawv, iav uas tsis muaj cov nplais tuaj yeem yog hom quartz sib txawv, hu ua chert
Txhua hom quartz yog crystalline, tab sis qee qhov ntau yam, hu ua "cryptocrystalline," yog ua los ntawm cov iav me me uas tsis pom qhov muag. Yog tias cov ntxhia muaj qhov tawv ntawm 7, tawg, thiab muaj cov iav ci, nws yuav yog hom quartz hu ua ua chert. Qhov no feem ntau yog xim av lossis xim av.
"Flint" yog ntau yam ntawm chert, tab sis nws tau muab cais ua ntau txoj hauv kev. Piv txwv li, qee tus neeg tuaj yeem xa mus rau ib tus menyuam dub zoo li cov nplaim taws, thaum lwm tus tsuas yog hu nws lub pob zeb yog tias nws muaj qhov ci ci lossis tau pom ntawm qee hom pob zeb
Kauj Ruam 4. Cov ntxhia nrog cov kab txaij feem ntau yog hom chalcedony
Chalcedony yog tsim los ntawm kev sib xyaw ntawm quartz thiab lwm cov ntxhia, moganite. Muaj ntau ntau yam zoo nkauj, feem ntau tsim cov kab txaij ntawm cov xim sib txawv. Nov yog ob qho uas nquag siv tshaj plaws:
- Onyx yog hom chalcedony uas zoo li muaj cov pab pawg sib luag. Nws feem ntau yog xim dub lossis dawb, tab sis tuaj yeem muaj ntau xim.
- Agate muaj ntau txoj kev nkhaus lossis "wiggly" bands, thiab tuaj yeem nthuav tawm hauv ntau yam xim sib txawv. Nws tuaj yeem tsim los ntawm cov ntshiab quartz, chalcedony, lossis cov zaub mov zoo sib xws.
Kauj Ruam 5. Saib seb koj cov ntxhia cov yam ntxwv zoo li feldspar
Dhau li ntawm ntau yam ntau yam ntawm quartz, feldspar yog hom kab mob feem ntau pom. Nws muaj qhov nyuaj ntawm 6, tawm ntawm cov kab dawb, thiab tuaj yeem tshwm nrog ntau xim lossis ci. Nws tsim ob daim tiaj tiaj thaum tawg, nrog cov npoo uas ncaj ncaj thiab ze li ntawm txoj cai ntawm ib leeg.
Kauj Ruam 6. Yog tias cov pob zeb ntxhib ntxaum thaum rub, nws yuav yog mica
Cov ntxhia no tau txheeb xyuas tau yooj yim vim tias nws tev rau hauv cov ntawv nyias, hloov pauv tau thaum khawb los ntawm cov rau tes lossis txawm rub nrog ntiv tes. Muscovite mica lossis dawb mica yog xim av daj lossis tsis muaj xim, thaum biotite miv los yog mica dub yog xim av tsaus lossis dub, nrog rau xim av-grey streak.
Kauj Ruam 7. Kawm qhov sib txawv ntawm kub thiab dag tus kub. Pyrite, tseem paub tias yog neeg dag tus kub, muaj xim daj daj, tab sis ntau qhov kev sim tuaj yeem paub qhov txawv ntawm kub tiag. Nws muaj qhov ntsuas qhov hnyav ntawm 6 lossis ntau dua, thaum kub kub ntau dua, nrog qhov ntsuas nruab nrab ntawm 2 thiab 3. Nws tawm ntawm cov kab ntsuab ntsuab-dub, thiab tuaj yeem tsoo rau hauv cov hmoov yog tias txaus siv.
Marcasite yog lwm cov ntxhia uas zoo ib yam li pyrite. Thaum pyrite muaju zoo li lub voos xwmfab, marcasite daim ntawv koob.
Kauj Ruam 8. Cov zaub ntsuab thiab xiav feem ntau yog malachite lossis azurite
Ob qho ntawm cov zaub mov no muaj tooj liab, ntawm lwm cov zaub mov. Cov tooj liab muab malachite nws nplua nuj xim ntsuab, thaum nws ua rau azurite hmoov kom pom ci xiav. Cov no feem ntau tshwm sim ua ke, thiab ob leeg muaj qhov nyuaj ntawm 3 thiab 4.
Kauj Ruam 9. Siv phau ntawv qhia ntxhia lossis lub vev xaib txhawm rau txheeb xyuas lwm hom
Ib daim ntawv qhia ntxhia tshwj xeeb rau koj thaj chaw yuav suav nrog lwm hom ntxhia uas pom hauv thaj av ntawd. Yog tias koj muaj teeb meem txheeb xyuas cov ntxhia, qee qhov peev txheej hauv online xws li minerals.net yuav tso cai rau koj tshawb nrhiav cov txiaj ntsig ntawm koj qhov kev xeem thiab sib piv lawv kom tau cov zaub mov.
