3 Txoj Hauv Kev Kom Raug Tshem Tawm Ntawm Sab Qab Teb

Cov txheej txheem:

3 Txoj Hauv Kev Kom Raug Tshem Tawm Ntawm Sab Qab Teb
3 Txoj Hauv Kev Kom Raug Tshem Tawm Ntawm Sab Qab Teb
Anonim

Cov lus hais hauv cheeb tsam tuaj yeem qhia qhov twg ib tus neeg yog keeb kwm, thiab qee tus neeg yuav siv lawv lub suab nrog qhov kev txaus siab hauv lawv cov cuab yeej cuab tam, thaum qee tus yuav xav txo lawv cov suab lus rau lub luag haujlwm lossis nthuav tawm. Tseem lwm tus, txawm li cas los xij, tej zaum yuav pom tias muaj kev hais lus hauv cheeb tsam cuam tshuam rau lawv txoj kev txhim kho txuj ci lossis kev kawm, lossis ua rau kev sib txuas lus nrog lwm tus nyuaj. Yog tias koj ntseeg tias koj tus neeg hais lus Southern tau tsim qhov kev xav tsis zoo rau lwm tus lossis cuam tshuam nrog koj tus kheej kev hwm lossis ua tiav, koj yuav xav kawm los tham nrog lub suab nruab nrab ntau dua.

Cov kauj ruam

Txoj Kev 1 ntawm 3: Xyaum Ua Koj Tus Kheej

Tshem Tawm ntawm Cov Lus Qab Qab Qab Qab Zib Qib 1
Tshem Tawm ntawm Cov Lus Qab Qab Qab Qab Zib Qib 1

Kauj Ruam 1. Tsim cov lus loj

Pib los ntawm kev nyeem cov lus piav qhia ntawm yav qab teb "kev sib tham," lossis cov lus. Kawm paub ntau ntxiv txog koj tus kheej hais lus tus cwj pwm yuav pab koj kom paub thaum koj tab tom poob rau hauv ntau yam "yav qab teb" kev hais lus. Tom qab ntawd, siv cov phau ntawv tsim tsev los nrhiav ntau txoj kev xaiv nruab nrab los hloov cov kev sib tham hauv zos no..

  • Pib phau ntawv sau cov lus kom pab koj kawm thiab nco qab cov lus tshiab. Tsom ntsoov rau cov lus tshiab yuav yuam koj tawm ntawm koj thaj chaw xis nyob, thiab tseem yuav mus txuas ntxiv los pab koj nthuav qhia kev paub ntau dua thiab muaj txuj ci zoo
  • Piv txwv, txo kev siv "tsis yog" thiab "y'all, hloov lawv nrog" kuv tsis "thiab" koj "lossis" koj txhua tus, "feem.."
Raug Tshem Tawm Ntawm Cov Lus Tseem Ceeb Yav Qab Teb 2
Raug Tshem Tawm Ntawm Cov Lus Tseem Ceeb Yav Qab Teb 2

Kauj Ruam 2. Ua haujlwm ntawm koj cov qauv sau ntawv thiab kab lus

Qee qhov kev tsim qauv grammatical tsis tsuas yog zoo li nyob rau sab qab teb, lawv kuj tsis raug lossis tsis meej pem rau cov tsis yog neeg nyob sab qab teb. Siv cov lus luv thiab meej kom muab cov lus qhia lossis piav qhia.

  • Piv txwv li, tsis txhob siv cov lus qhia ntxiv hauv cov lus qhia: "Mus nqa koj cov khoom siv los ntawm chav muab khoom," hais txog lub suab lus hauv cheeb tsam, thaum "Mus kom tau ib tus stapler los ntawm chav khoom" yog ncaj thiab raug.
  • Tsis txhob ua ob lo lus ua ntej xws li hais tias cov khoom yog "nce hauv qab" qee yam. Hloov chaw, tsuas yog siv preposition "hauv qab."
Raug Tshem Tawm Ntawm Cov Lus Qab Qab Qab Qab Zib 3
Raug Tshem Tawm Ntawm Cov Lus Qab Qab Qab Qab Zib 3

Kauj Ruam 3. Tshaj tawm koj cov vowels thiab consonants kom meej thiab sai dua

Cov neeg nyob sab qab teb yuav hais lus qeeb dua li Northerners, yog li khaws koj li nrawm me ntsis tuaj yeem cuam tshuam qhov kev xav ntawm kev hais lus zoo nkauj.

  • "Clip" lossis luv koj cov vowels. Lub vowel "i" feem ntau tau kos tawm hauv cov lus hais yav qab teb, uas yog hu ua "glide deletion," yog li thaum hais cov lus "Kuv," piv txwv li, tshaj tawm nrog "ai" sai dua li softer "ah."
  • Koj tuaj yeem sim hais lus nrog koj lub qhov ncauj ntau dua ntawm lub ntsej muag kom ua tiav cov txiaj ntsig ntawm kev hloov pauv koj cov vowels tsis txhob ua kom lawv tiaj tus. Sim nws nrog lo lus "cawv," kom koj hais "waiyn" thiab tsis "waihn"
  • Muab cov lus hais ntawm lub suab lus thib ob ntawm cov lus xws li xis mas thiab lub kaus. Piv txwv li, lo lus "xis mas" yuav tsum hais "suh-MENT" thiab tsis yog "SEE-ment"
Raug Tshem Tawm Ntawm Cov Lus Qab Qab Qab Zib Qib 4
Raug Tshem Tawm Ntawm Cov Lus Qab Qab Qab Zib Qib 4

Kauj Ruam 4. Tshaj tawm cov cim thiab cov tsiaj ntawv nruab nrab ntawm cov lus

Tawm ntawm cov tsiaj ntawv tsis tshua muaj kev tshaj lij, thiab tseem qhia txog lub suab hauv cheeb tsam, thiab yog li muab qhov ua rau pom kev zoo dua. Piv txwv li, tshaj tawm "r" hauv "tsev qiv ntawv," kom tsis txhob hais "liberry." Lwm qhov piv txwv yog "y" hauv "crayon" thiab qhov thib ob "a" hauv "caramel;" Yog tsis muaj cov ntawv no, lawv zoo li "yas" thiab "carmel."

  • Suav nrog qhov kawg / ng / suab ntawm qhov kawg ntawm cov lus qhia thiab gerunds, xws li "taug kev," yog li koj hais "Koj puas taug kev mus rau lub tiaj ua si?" es tsis txhob "Koj puas taug kev mus rau lub tiaj ua si?"
  • Nco ntsoov suav nrog ob lo lus hauv kab lus luv luv xws li "mus rau" thiab "xav tau," thiab zam kev hais "yuav" thiab "xav tau."
Raug Tshem Tawm Ntawm Cov Lus Yav Qab Teb Sab Qab Teb 5
Raug Tshem Tawm Ntawm Cov Lus Yav Qab Teb Sab Qab Teb 5

Kauj Ruam 5. Nyeem phau ntawv hais txog kev hloov kho lub suab

Qee qhov tshwj xeeb tau tsim los pab koj txo koj cov suab lus nyob rau yav qab teb, xws li Hais Tias Nyob Zoo rau Koj Cov Neeg Sab Qab Teb, ib phau ntawv thiab CD teeb tsa. Cov ntawv no muab cov ntaub ntawv thiab xyaum ua haujlwm txhawm rau pab koj hloov koj li kev hais lus los ntawm kev nthuav tawm cov lus nruab nrab thiab ua haujlwm rov ua dua.

Raug Tshem Tawm Ntawm Cov Lus Yav Qab Teb Sab Qab Teb 6
Raug Tshem Tawm Ntawm Cov Lus Yav Qab Teb Sab Qab Teb 6

Kauj Ruam 6. Xyaum ua raws li koj lub suab lus tshiab ntawm tus kheej

Tej zaum koj yuav xav tsis thoob txog kev xyaum ua pej xeem thaum xub thawj, yog li sim ua txoj hauv kev rov ua dua uas yuav ua rau koj xis nyob dua. Sim mloog xov tooj cua hauv tebchaws tshaj tawm tshiab thiab rov ua cov kab lus rov qab thaum koj tsav tsheb mus ua haujlwm lossis ua haujlwm, lossis thaum ua haujlwm nyob ib puag ncig lub tsev.

  • Xav txog kaw koj tus kheej rov ua cov lus lossis nyeem qee cov ntawv. Tom qab ntawd koj tuaj yeem mloog koj tus kheej thiab sau tseg txog thaj chaw muaj teeb meem. Tom qab ntawd koj tuaj yeem sim tag nrho cov txheej txheem ntxiv kom txog thaum koj ntseeg siab tias koj tau hloov kho koj lub suab sab qab teb mus rau qhov nruab nrab dua.
  • Saib koj tus kheej hauv daim iav kom koj tuaj yeem saib xyuas koj lub qhov ncauj zoo li koj hais.
Raug Tshem Tawm Ntawm Cov Lus Qab Qab Yav Qab Teb 7
Raug Tshem Tawm Ntawm Cov Lus Qab Qab Yav Qab Teb 7

Kauj Ruam 7. Xyaum koj lub suab tawm tshiab nrog phooj ywg

Nrhiav phooj ywg nrog tus neeg Amelikas nyiam tshaj qhov hais lus thiab thov kom nws pab nws. Npaj kom tau ntsib lawv hauv qhov chaw yooj yim uas koj tuaj yeem tham txog ntau yam ncauj lus, xws li khw kas fes lossis mus ncig khw, thiab piav qhia koj lub tswv yim los xyaum hais lus nrog qhov tsis hnov lus zoo.

  • Txiav txim siab, nrog koj tus phooj ywg, koj yuav xyaum li cas. Koj tuaj yeem nug koj tus phooj ywg yog tias nws pom nws cov lus uas zoo li tshwj xeeb yog hais lus tshwj xeeb, thiab koj tuaj yeem xyaum rov ua cov lus no rov qab rau koj tus phooj ywg hauv qhov tsis muaj suab nrov ntau.
  • Koj kuj tseem yuav muaj kev sib tham yooj yim, zoo li ib txwm muaj, nrog koj tus phooj ywg yuav txwv koj qee lub sijhawm los hais lus hais lus lossis hais lus sab qab teb. Tom qab ntawd koj tuaj yeem sib tham thiab sim txoj hauv kev tshiab ntawm kev hais tib yam.
Tshem Tawm ntawm Qab Teb Accent Step 8
Tshem Tawm ntawm Qab Teb Accent Step 8

Kauj Ruam 8. Xyaum siv koj lub suab lus tshiab nrog cov neeg tsis paub

Sim tawm koj tus txheej txheem Asmeskas tus qauv tshiab ntawm cov neeg tsis paub yuav ua rau koj tsis txaus ntseeg, tab sis nws yog txoj hauv kev muaj zog los xyaum hauv cov xwm txheej hauv lub neej tiag tiag. Sim tham nrog baristas hauv khw kas fes, servers hauv khw noj mov, cov neeg ua haujlwm hauv khw, thiab cov neeg koom nrog hauv dav hlau, vim tias koj yuav tsis pom cov neeg ua haujlwm tshwj xeeb no ntxiv thiab koj tuaj yeem zam kev txaj muag tom qab yog tias koj tsis xis nyob.

Txoj Kev 2 ntawm 3: Mloog Koj Cov Lus Nyiam

Raug Tshem Tawm Ntawm Qhov Tseeb Sab Qab Teb Sab Qab Teb 9
Raug Tshem Tawm Ntawm Qhov Tseeb Sab Qab Teb Sab Qab Teb 9

Kauj Ruam 1. Ua daim ntawv xeem lus online online

Cov ntawv xeem no tsis yog tsuas yog nthuav, lawv tuaj yeem qhia koj tus lej ntawm cov lus tshwj xeeb hauv cheeb tsam rau cov khoom niaj hnub lossis kev ua ub no. Paub txog cov ntsiab lus tshwj xeeb no yuav pab koj kom zam lawv, thiab, yog li, tsis txhob hnov suab tshwj xeeb "sab qab teb."

  • New York Times dialect survey yog lus nug nrov thiab siv cov lus feem ntau los tso koj cov lus.
  • Yog tias koj tab tom nrhiav rau ntau yam ntawm cov lus sib hais, muaj ntau qhov kev tshawb fawb thiab cov lus nug ntawm cov lus hais thoob ntiaj teb, nrog rau ntau hom lus Askiv.
Tshem Tawm ntawm Qab Teb Accent Step 10
Tshem Tawm ntawm Qab Teb Accent Step 10

Kauj Ruam 2. Mloog xov tooj cua thiab cov xov xwm uas siv cov lus Amelikas zoo dua

Thaum cov suab paj nruag DJs hauv xov tooj cua tau kawm cov neeg hais lus, lawv feem ntau siv cov lus hauv cheeb tsam cuam tshuam nrog lawv cov neeg mloog. Hloov chaw, mloog cov phiaj xwm uas tau tshaj tawm thoob tebchaws, raws li cov tswv tsev xyaum hais lus hauv qhov nruab nrab dua, thiab sib tham, hais lus.

Raug Tshem Tawm Ntawm Cov Lus Qab Qab Yav Qab Teb Kauj Ruam 11
Raug Tshem Tawm Ntawm Cov Lus Qab Qab Yav Qab Teb Kauj Ruam 11

Kauj Ruam 3. Saib cov yeeb yaj kiab hauv TV

Cov xov xwm hauv tebchaws, zoo li CNN, MSNBC, FOXNews, muaj cov thauj tog rau nkoj thiab cov tswv uas tau muaj kev qhia tseem ceeb hauv kev hloov kho lawv cov lus hais lus. Lawv hais lus meej thiab koom nrog nthuav tawm, thiab yog tus qauv zoo ntawm tus qauv Asmeskas lus Askiv.

  • Saib cov xov xwm thauj tog rau nkoj hais lus tseem muab sijhawm rau koj los saib txoj hauv kev uas cov neeg kawm tau hais lus tsim cov lus nrog lawv lub qhov ncauj.
  • Cov kab yeeb yaj kiab hauv TV nrog lub suab saib, zoo li Keeb Kwm Channel, NatGeo, thiab Tsiaj Ntiaj Teb, kuj tseem yog cov kev xaiv zoo, vim tias cov neeg piav qhia feem ntau tau kawm ua yeeb yam.
Raug Tshem Tawm Ntawm Cov Lus Tseem Ceeb Yav Qab Teb 12
Raug Tshem Tawm Ntawm Cov Lus Tseem Ceeb Yav Qab Teb 12

Kauj Ruam 4. Koom nrog kev sib tham nrog cov phooj ywg lossis cov neeg koom nrog

Qhov muaj zog tshaj plaws cuam tshuam rau koj lub suab los ntawm koj cov phooj ywg hauv kev sib tham txhua hnub, yog li koj mloog thiab teb ntau dua, muaj kev ntseeg siab dua koj yuav yog ob qho tib si paub lub suab tsis hais lus Asmeskas, thiab tseem tham nrog ib tus.

Raug Tshem Tawm Ntawm Cov Lus Tseem Ceeb Sab Qab Teb 13
Raug Tshem Tawm Ntawm Cov Lus Tseem Ceeb Sab Qab Teb 13

Kauj Ruam 5. Nug tus phooj ywg nrog lub suab nruab nrab kom nyeem nrov nrov rau koj

Yog tias koj tab tom taug kev ntev, ntawm yog tias koj muaj qee lub sijhawm qis, koj yuav pom tias nws muaj txiaj ntsig los yooj yim mloog ib tus neeg nyeem hauv tus qauv Asmeskas tus qauv. Koj tuaj yeem tswj hwm qhov kev kawm los ntawm kev xaiv cov ntawv hauv koj thaj chaw uas koj nyiam, thiab koj yuav nthuav tawm cov lus zoo dua, txawm tias hauv phau ntawv yooj yim dua.

  • Xaiv cov ntawv uas cuam tshuam nrog thaj chaw ntawm koj lub neej uas hloov kho lub suab yuav muaj txiaj ntsig, xws li koj txoj haujlwm.
  • Txiav txim siab xaiv cov ntawv hais txog kev hloov kho cov lus, yog li koj yuav muaj ob npaug ntawm qhov nruab nrab ntawm cov lus hais nruab nrab thiab cov ntaub ntawv ntawm kev hloov kho koj tus kheej.
Raug Tshem Tawm Ntawm Cov Lus Qab Qab Yav Qab Teb Kauj Ruam 14
Raug Tshem Tawm Ntawm Cov Lus Qab Qab Yav Qab Teb Kauj Ruam 14

Kauj Ruam 6. Mloog phau ntawv suab

Cov neeg hais lus hauv phau ntawv feem ntau tau kawm paub ua yeeb yam uas paub yuav hais lus meej thiab raws li tus qauv Asmeskas hais lus, nrog rau lwm yam lus. Mloog lawv thaum lawv nyeem phau ntawv tuaj yeem ua rau muaj kev lom zem thiab qhia tau, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog yog tias cov ntawv suav nrog ntau hom lus thiab lus hais.

Muaj ntau phau ntawv ntawm kev hloov kho cov lus hais muaj nyob hauv phau ntawv audiobooks, thiab suav nrog kev xyaum ua kom ua thaum mloog

Txoj Kev 3 ntawm 3: Kev cob qhia nrog cov kws tshaj lij

Raug Tshem Tawm Ntawm Qhov Ncaj Ncees Sab Qab Teb 15
Raug Tshem Tawm Ntawm Qhov Ncaj Ncees Sab Qab Teb 15

Kauj Ruam 1. Txiav txim siab yog tias koj xav nrhiav kev qhia paub txuj ci

Yog tias koj cov neeg ua haujlwm lossis cov phooj ywg muaj teeb meem nkag siab koj, txawm tias koj tau xyaum ua ntawm koj tus kheej, nws yuav yog lub sijhawm los nrhiav tus kws tshaj lij hais lus-tus kws paub kab mob (SLP) kom tau txais kev pab. SLPs ua haujlwm nrog cov neeg siv khoom ntawm kev hais lus, kev sib dhos, kev hais tawm, kev hais lus rau pej xeem, kev sib tham, thiab cov suab nrov.

  • Ntau lub tsev kawm qib siab loj muaj cov chaw kho mob hais lus zoo hais lus zoo, yog li tshawb xyuas koj lub tsev kawm qib siab hauv zej zog ua ntej.
  • Siv cov cuab yeej tshawb fawb ntawm cov koom haum tsis muaj txiaj ntsig rau kev hais lus-kab mob pathology kom nrhiav tau daim ntawv pov thawj SLP.
Raug Tshem Tawm Ntawm Cov Lus Qab Qab Yav Qab Teb Kauj Ruam 16
Raug Tshem Tawm Ntawm Cov Lus Qab Qab Yav Qab Teb Kauj Ruam 16

Kauj Ruam 2. Tshawb nrhiav cov kws tshaj lij lossis cov lus hloov kho lus hauv koj cheeb tsam

Kev tshawb fawb hauv Internet yooj yim rau "txo qhov hais tawm," "hloov kho lub suab," lossis "hloov kho lus" thiab lub npe ntawm koj thaj chaw. Qee cov peev txheej muab kev qhia rau tus kheej, thaum lwm tus muaj kev qhia ua pab pawg.

  • Cov chav kawm hauv pab pawg yuav muaj txiaj ntsig yog tias koj xav xyaum koj lub suab nrog ntau tus neeg.
  • Kev sib tham tus kheej yog qhov kev xaiv yog tias koj xav txhim kho kev ntseeg siab ntau dua ua ntej koj xyaum nrog lwm tus, lossis yog tias koj xav tau sijhawm hloov pauv tau yooj yim dua.
Raug Tshem Tawm Ntawm Cov Lus Qab Qab Yav Qab Teb Kauj Ruam 17
Raug Tshem Tawm Ntawm Cov Lus Qab Qab Yav Qab Teb Kauj Ruam 17

Kauj Ruam 3. Hu rau koj lub koom haum xaiv lossis kws hais lus

Qee lub tsev kho mob thiab kws tshaj lij yuav thov sib tham hauv xov tooj los ntsuas koj li kev xav tau thiab lub hom phiaj ua ntej pib koj txoj kev kawm.

Tshem Tawm ntawm Qab Teb Cov Lus Qub Kauj Ruam 18
Tshem Tawm ntawm Qab Teb Cov Lus Qub Kauj Ruam 18

Kauj Ruam 4. Mus rau koj thawj lub sijhawm teem tseg

Txhawm rau pab koj kom ua tiav koj lub hom phiaj tshwj xeeb, koj SLP yuav xub ntsuas koj li kev hais lus. Nws lossis nws yuav nug koj kom nyeem cov ntawv thiab cov lus ntawm ntau qhov ntev, nrog rau koom nrog koj hauv kev sib tham. Nws lossis nws yuav mloog koj cov lus hais tawm, lub suab nrov, lub suab paj nruag, thiab cov lus hais lus nyuaj. SLP tseem yuav mloog koj cov lus hauv kev sib tham.

Raug Tshem Tawm Ntawm Qhov Tseeb Sab Qab Teb Sab Qab Teb 19
Raug Tshem Tawm Ntawm Qhov Tseeb Sab Qab Teb Sab Qab Teb 19

Kauj Ruam 5. Teem koj lub hom phiaj hloov kho lub suab

Nrog koj li SLP, txiav txim siab koj lub hom phiaj rau koj li kev hloov kho cov lus. Cov hom phiaj no yuav tsum yog raws koj li kev xav tau ntawm tus kheej thiab kev tshaj lij, nrog rau kev tshuaj xyuas koj lub suab qab teb uas koj tau ua tiav.

  • Qee lub hom phiaj muaj feem cuam tshuam nrog kev ua haujlwm, xws li npaj rau kev nthuav qhia, ua yeeb yam, lossis xam phaj. Ua kom muaj qhov tshwj xeeb tshaj plaws thaum muaj kev sib tham nrog koj li SLP.
  • Koj cov kev sib tham tom ntej, qee zaum, yuav tsom mus rau ua tiav cov hom phiaj tshwj xeeb no, yog li yuav tsum paub meej txog lawv thaum ntxov. Koj tseem tuaj yeem hloov kho lawv raws txoj kev, raws li koj cov txuj ci thiab xav tau kev hloov pauv.
Raug Tshem Tawm Ntawm Qhov Tseeb Sab Qab Teb Sab Qab Teb 20
Raug Tshem Tawm Ntawm Qhov Tseeb Sab Qab Teb Sab Qab Teb 20

Kauj Ruam 6. Khaws kev xyaum, txawm tias tom qab koj txoj haujlwm lossis kev kawm xaus

Lub suab ntawm koj thawj hom lus, suav nrog cov lus hauv cheeb tsam, tau luam tawm los ntawm lub sijhawm koj muaj ib xyoos, yog li koj yuav ib txwm muaj cov lus qhia ntawm koj lub suab qub hauv koj lub suab. Kev xyaum txuas ntxiv nrog koj cov lus tshiab, tsis hais nruab nrab yuav txo qhov cuam tshuam ntawm koj lub suab nyob rau lub sijhawm.

Lub tswv yim

  • Lub sij hawm "hais lus nruab nrab" tsis tas yuav muaj qhov tseeb, vim txhua tus neeg hais lus siv qee hom lus lossis hom lus hais txog nws keeb kwm yav dhau. Lwm cov ntsiab lus rau cov lus sib txawv hauv ib cheeb tsam suav nrog General American, Standard American, thiab Standard English.
  • Nws nyuaj heev kom tshem tawm cov suab lus sab qab teb. Nrog kev xyaum, koj tuaj yeem hloov kho nws zoo, tab sis qee zaus ua rau koj lub suab lus ib txwm tsis ua rau muaj kev xav tsis zoo, thiab tej zaum yuav yog kev sib tham zoo pib.
  • Saib zaj yeeb yaj kiab Kuv Tus Poj Niam Ncaj Ncees lossis nyeem ua si Pygmalion yog tias koj xav tau lub siab tawg los ntawm koj li kev hloov kho lus. Lawv yog ob qho tib si ntawm ib zaj dab neeg hais txog ib tug hluas, thiab tsis zoo, tus poj niam cockney kawm hais lus "King's English," uas yog lus Askiv zoo dua.

Lus ceeb toom

  • Zam kev tsis ncaj ncees txog koj keeb kwm yav dhau. Thaum koj yuav hloov pauv txoj hauv kev koj hais lus, koj tus kheej keeb kwm yog qhov tseem ceeb ntawm koj tus kheej thiab sim zais nws yuav ua rau poob kev hwm ntawm koj cov phooj ywg thiab cov npoj yaig.
  • Cov lus hais hauv cheeb tsam tsis suav nrog hais lus lossis lus tsis meej, yog li kev qhia paub yuav tsis suav nrog koj li kev pov hwm kev noj qab haus huv.
  • Ua tib zoo xav txog vim li cas koj thiaj xav hloov koj lub suab. Ntau tus kws tshaj lij muaj kev vam meej hauv ntau thaj chaw muaj cov lus hais hauv cheeb tsam, thiab qee tus txaus siab rau qhov kos npe ntawm lawv cov cuab yeej cuab tam.

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